Gap Outsourcing in China

Companies want to utilize modern infrastructure and focus on their core strengths hill other professional firms handle their other business processes (Lathering, 2007: 2). The textile Industry has been a fundamental driving force In China's economy for many years. Outsourcing production to the Chinese manufacturers has become popular among other foreign firms in the recent past (Earns, 2006: 362). This is especially because the textile industry is a labor intensive industry and firms prefer to outsource In China since It has large pool of cheap labor.The World Bank report of 2006 Indicated some of the most suitable locations to Invest In china which re; the south east Coastal provinces, the Pearl river delta province of Gudgeon, all special economic zones and the province of Fijian (Yuan, 2008: 20). Pestle analysis is a technique used to assist corporations in understanding the external environment In which they operate In the present and future. It helps an organization to assess th e macroeconomic conditions surrounding it in order to make a business decision.It works more efficiently when used in conjunction with risk analysis, SOOT analysis, and urgency grid. Expert knowledge of the organization and its external surrounding Is also Important in pestle analysis. The word PESTLE was coined from political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, legal, and environment factors that affect an organization. The main aim of conducting PESTLE analysis is to help in the analysis of the external environment and its effect on the organization (Institute of leadership & management 2007:23).In pestle analysis, we consider each of the external factors and how it is likely to impact on the organization. Political factors: The government plays a major role in growth of businesses through policy formulations. These policies can affect an organization both positively and negatively. Although policies existing In China favor exports to China, sourcing remains the best tool to g ain entry into the market. It is further renown for its low cost sourcing. Gap Inc. Should consider the existing government policies and assess whether or not they favor the textile industry.Social factors: Most of the Chinese working class lack global business experience due to socialism mode of governance where the government provided almost everything especially in the past. Gap should aim to build good legislations with both the local and international governments. It should also use sourcing as a means to penetrate the Chinese market. The composition of a country population has major effects on the performance of a business (Center & Edmonds, 2002: 40). Outsourcing also requires high level of trust since It involves sharing financial information and actual transfer of cash (Chining, 2009:127).Economic factors: China's economy is more advantaged in comparison with most other developing I OFF countries. I Nils Is primarily Owe to Its tidally to allover Nell quality products Tanat meet he standards that are required by legislation and consumers in the European countries. It also provides ideal environment to source consumer products. The textile industry is also on the road to recovery due to the policy for revitalization plans for the textile industry which was passed in 2009 Just after China regained economic growth.This has seen the textile industry overcome numerous difficulties and make new development (China textile network company, 2009: 4). However, China's market is characterized by risks and GAP Company should maintain flexibility and diversity when dealing with sourcing. Teaming up with local companies in China would help Gap in cost cutting. It would also aid with the knowledge on the domestic market as they would rather assists as partners rather than competitors (The outsourcing institute 2005).Legal factors: The Chinese legal system does not adequately protect the IP rights. The outsourcing company should therefore understand the extent to whi ch patents and trade secrets can be protected (Kennedy & Clark, 2006: 1). Gap Company should therefore ensure that their legal rights are protected. Technology: IT professionals graduating each year from China are approximately 200000, providing a strong technically skilled population. China is rapidly emerging as one of the world's leading supplier in offshore software outsourcing due to its remarkable development rate.Its aim is to outshine India and become the dominant competitor (Shine technologies 2008). Gap Inc. Should take advantage of this emerging strength and go ahead to outsource its textile manufacturing services in China as well as looking into ways to benefit from China's current software strengths since for any company to succeed in the modern market, it has to utilize highly advanced technology. Environmental factors: China has a developed IT structure, networks, and infrastructure. It has massive telecommunication expansions making it more suitable for an industry g rowth.China also has the advantage of having a large pool of inexpensive skilled labor. Companies can benefit from the China market by taking advantage of and cut costs that are up to approximately 50-60% (Shine technologies, 2008). However, the textile industry in China has constantly been on the spotlight due to its massive negative effects on the environment. Prices of clothing and fabric imported to the U. S have been falling ever since 1995. The Chinese textile companies have been known to cut costs of production by dumping wastes into rivers causing massive pollution. U.S retail textile industry on the other hand is struggling to prevent environmental issues that have caused them consumer backlash in the past. The textile industry in China is one of the dirtiest industries in the country. Heavy metals and carcinogens contain high levels of organic materials causing much damage to the environment. Gap therefore should consider this as a drawback when opting to outsource in Chin a nice this pollution may eventually lead to emergence of social movements that will rise against environmental degradation by textile industries leading to considerable reduction in sales.

Egg Supply Chain

In a few weeks you will start seeing quite a few sales on eggs. Why? Eggs are one of the main staples in the Easter holiday tradition. Everyone gets together the night before Easter and colors their eggs a wide range of colors to put in their Easter baskets for the Easter Bunny to hide. An egg seems like such a simple food item, very few people ever wonder what all had to happen in order for them to be able to buy their eggs from the grocery store. If there were suddenly no eggs to color for Easter I am sure everyone would then want to know. If it even possible to think that the grocery stores would have no eggs? The answer is yes! In order for that carton of eggs to be on the shelf of the store it must travel the supply chain. A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer. Egg would seem like such a simple product that there really couldn’t be that much to the supply chain given that the chicken lays the eggs, the farmers puts them in cartons and a truck delivers them to the store. Eggs don’t go through processing like most other food products but still there can be a lot to them depending on what type of eggs you buy and where from. Many people still get theirs from the grocery stores but a rising trend is to purchase them farmers markets or directly from the farmer. Going directly to the farmer for your eggs is becoming more popular because people want to know where their food is coming from and want to know that the animals are not being mistreated or given hormones. In order to discuss the supply chain for eggs one must first ask the questions,Which came first the egg or the chicken? When you attempt to do a supply chain for eggs this is without a doubt the first question you would need to ask. Did the farmer get the egg first and then hatch the chickens to lay more eggs to sell or did he get the chicken first who then laid the eggs? For this paper we are going to assume that the chicken came first. So the first step in the egg supply chain is the hatchery no matter where you get your eggs the process started in the hatchery. Due to the rising trend of going straight to farmer for goods, we are going to look at the supply chain for eggs purchased directly from the farmer. Also this is how I get my eggs so I thought it would be more interesting, of course the eggs I get come from my aunt so there is not much to them aside from the gas used to drive to her farm and pick them up. Her chicks came from a friend who raised chickens but for those farmers who do not have friends or neighbors who raise chickens they would go to a hatchery. Hatcheries are found all over. There are quite a few in Ohio alone, a major one is found in the Cincinnati area. Once the farmer gets his peeps from the hatchery they are placed in a chicken coup which has access to a pasture for the chickens to graze. Chickens eat a wide variety of things but mostly are fed corn or other vegetables already found on the farm. Chickens that are allowed to graze produce better quality eggs due to the fact that they get more nutrients from the ground than those chickens raised in cages. The next step in the supply chain once you have the chickens and they lay the eggs is to gather and package them for sale. Eggs are usually gathered on a plastic tray and then washed and sanitized then stored in a refrigerator. Many co-op farms that you buy from have you bring your own container for your eggs, this saves them money and also the environment if you reuse the same carton. Most people just bring a carton from store bought eggs. The egg carton was invented in 1911 to help keep a farmer’s eggs from breaking while delivering. Egg cartons come in a variety of forms from Styrofoam to molded pulp and paper. You can even buy plastic storage containers for eggs that can reused again and again. One of major suppliers of egg cartons to small farms is a company called Eggcartons. com. They do not produce the egg cartons themselves but rather buy them in large quantity then sell in smaller quantity to farmers. Once the eggs are packaged they are ready for sale whether to a local farmer market or directly to the customer who visits the farm. Farm raised eggs there seems to not be too much competition out there. Very few farms do this and the ones that do are spaced a good ways apart, also the fact that the small farms cannot produce as much as the bigger companies limits them on what they can sell anyhow. The only major issue that could impact the supply chain for a local farmer is to lose his chickens or for them to fall ill and not be able to produce enough eggs to meet demand. Some interesting facts on eggs are according to National Egg Producer Organization ( I am not making this up, the group exists) Ohio is the number 2 egg producer in the United States, second to only Iowa. In 2008, over 209. 1 million cases of eggs were produced in the United States and of that 209. 1 million 68 million cases (32. 2%) were further processed (for foodservice, manufacturing, retail and export); 121. 7 million cases (58. 2%) went on to retail; 18 million cases (9%) went for foodservices use; and 1. 4 million (0. 7%) were exported. (http://www. unitedegg. org/useggindustry_generalstats. aspx) The Supply Chain Diagram {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame}

Literary Analysis Of Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress

â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† Andrew Marvell’s poem â€Å"To His Coy Mistress,† originally published in 1681, encompasses the Carpe Diem ideology through a dramatic monologue in which the narrator speaks to his â€Å"coy mistress.† While the poem uses literary devices to illustrate the recurring theme outlining time’s limitations and that the narrator and his mistress need to have sex immediately, it also contrasts with the Petrarchan standard of the idealized woman. Within the first 24 lines of the poem, Marvell uses diction, literary devices such as the erotic blazon and enjambment, and iambic tetrameter rhythm to prove that people cannot control time, time goes on and will eventually end, and women should refrain from reluctance and have sex with men†¦show more content†¦Following these declarations, the narrator goes on to share how he would divide his time to worship his mistress and show her the extent of his love. Using the erotic blazo n, the narrator explains the amount of time he would spend admiring his mistress’s different body parts. He lists â€Å"An hundred years should go to praise / Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze; / Two hundred to adore each breast, / But thirty thousand to the rest. / An age at least to every part, / And the last age should show your heart† (13-18). Through the blazon, the narrator accentuates his mistress’s most beautiful features, while also showing time’s limits. While he tells her the time he would spend appreciating her body, he is also showing her how ridiculous these thoughts are since time is unceasing and their time will soon end. However, the narrator takes on a sarcastic tone towards his mistress and her reluctance to have sex with him. Within the blazon, Marvell uses enjambment, the continuation of thought from one line to the next without punctuation, such as in lines 13 and 14, to further prove that people cannot stop or control time. Moreo ver, by choosing immense numbers of years that he would admire his mistress’s body, the narrator is challenging and mocking the Petrarchan view of the idealized, perfect woman; he is showing that it is impossible to hold a woman to such standards since menShow MoreRelatedLove in HJohn Donne ´s A Valediction Forbidding Mourning and Andrew Marvell ´s To His Coy Mistress838 Words   |  4 Pagesthe life, by literary greats throughout the past several centuries, have been the issue of death and the physical, spiritual, and emotional attachments that can be defined as love. Even though writers of prose and poetry have long belabored these two specific areas of discussion, the depth and diversity in approach is something that can only be described with regards to the differential between personalities and the world you of the author in question. Accordingly, the following analysis will be concentricRead MoreA Literary Analysis On The Shall I Compare Thee? Essay784 Words   |à ‚  4 PagesA Literary Analysis on the â€Å"Shall I Compare Thee?† (Sonnet XVIII) by William Shakespeare and the â€Å"To his Coy Mistress† Poem by Andrew Marvell This article compares the poems â€Å"Shall I Compare Thee?† (Sonnet XVIII) with â€Å"To his Coy Mistress† and examines the purposes of the poems and their implemented poetry techniques to convey their poets ideas. On first look it seems both poems are sharing the common ideas of â€Å"Love† but by analyzing the poems, it becomes clear that the purposes of the two poemsRead MorePoem Analysis On His Coy Mistress By Andrew Marvell1319 Words   |  6 Pages Andrew Marvell wrote a unique love poem in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress,† as this poem expresses far more than one might expect or even perceive upon the first reading. 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The Negative Portrayal of Women in Works Such as The Great...

The Negative Portrayal of Women According to today’s society, men are women are equal and have equal rights. Although we all try to believe this, the fact is almost every language and culture is male-dominated. Men have always been favoured and believed to be superior to women, which still exists in some third world countries, such as Afghanistan. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s classic novel, The Great Gatsby, portrays how women were treated during the 1920s. In the novel, women play the role of an object for men’s pleasure, a strong figure, and materialistic. Myrtle Wilson plays the role of an object for Tom Buchanan pleasure. He uses her for his own fun and never intends to have a substantial relationship due to the fact that he is†¦show more content†¦Just as Biff and Happy in Death of a Salesman, written by Arthur Miller, use their women as objects by seeking them for their own pleasure and disrespect them, so too does Tom towards Myrtle not only as he seeks her based on his schedule for hi s own pleasure, but also as he â€Å"broke her nose with his open hand† (39). Jordan Baker takes on the role of a strong female figure in the novel. She takes action when she meets Nick, as she â€Å"held [his] hand impersonally† (44), compared to the other women like Daisy, who are passive. She also is involved in golf, which is not the ‘typical woman’ during the 1920s. She earns her money through this talent oppose to Daisy, who relies on her husband for money, which shows her strong figure as she is independent. Similar to Lauren Conrad from the reality show, The Hills, who is independent and works for her own money, so it is Jordan, which sets her strong female figure in this novel. Daisy Buchanan plays the role of a materialistic female. She relies on her husband, Tom Buchanan’s wealth, as â€Å"her voice is full of money† (115). According to Tori DeAngelis’ research, when people are insecure they become more â€Å"materialistic as a way to adapt†, which is shown through Daisy’s character as she masks her unhappiness through materialism as a result of her husband’s infidelity. As a result of being with Tom for materialistic interest, she suffers the consequences as she is constantly ordered by him, for example, â€Å"sit down Daisy†Show MoreRelatedThe Defiance Of Gender Stereotypes933 Words   |  4 PagesFitzgerald’s, The Great Gatsby Throughout the 1920’s, before Women’s Suffrage, women were viewed as inferior, as well as subordinate to males because of many years of patriarchal dominance. 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Destruction of a Species - 1041 Words

The soul cannot be eradicated of all vestiges of evil. Life itself is a paradox in which we all must accept and balance our avarice aspirations in order to maintain a serendipitous existence. When our inner monstrosity is aroused the delicate components that compose our humanity are transformed under the duress of our self- serving desires. We forsake forgiveness for revenge. We exploit the secrets of those surrounding us to bring validity to our lies. Brother against brother, sister against sister we turn to hatred, we turn to fear, we turn to genocide. Genocide, the deliberate and systematic annihilation of an individual group, not only endangers the existence of humanity but also, mutilates its very definition by portraying an environment where morality and justice are forsaken in an aspiration to obtain power. Throughout history mankind’s lust for control has caused unthinkable destruction. In 1933 German tyrants annihilated eleven million people, decades later in 1992 the Bosnian Serb leaders targeted and massacred over one hundred thousand of their own citizens, in the two years that followed the Hutu brutally slaughter over eight hundred thousand people. These heinous crimes were systematically deployed, creating damage of grand proportions. Crimes of hatred, crimes of jealousy but not, crimes of secret. Often neighboring countries would declare a state of neutrality and allow the destruction to continue under the sanctity of a diplomatic treaty. These acts ofShow MoreRelatedSpecies Extinction And Habitat Destruction Have A Negative1039 Words   |  5 PagesSpecies extinction and habitat destruction have a negative impact on sustainable food systems, making this a very unspoken yet important issue. To have sustainable food systems we must change our ways of producing food for our dramatically growing population. This research paper will provide examples of extinct species, and habitats that have been demolished. I will be comparing and contrastin g why they might be of importance, especially when relating to sustainable food systems. The relationshipRead MoreExtinction Of Animal Extinction1024 Words   |  5 Pagesthe elimination of a large number of species in a short period of time. Despite what many think, the elimination of species is almost commonplace at this point. The Earth is currently in the middle of a sixth mass extinction, and it’s been caused by the human race. It’s clear that a great extinction is coming from the evidence of the destruction of other species around us. The choices made by the human race have too often negatively affected the surrounding species. Tracy Wilson, the site director forRead MoreAnimal Extinction Paper1574 Words   |  7 Pagesextinction is an important issue nationwide. 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That translates into 6 species per hourRead MoreNatural Resources and Energy in the Rainforests1550 Words   |  7 Pagesanimal and plant species, have contributed a wealth of resources for the survival and well-being of humankind. These resources have included basic food supplies, clothing, shelter, fuel, spices, industrial raw materials, and medicine for all those who have lived in the majesty of the forest. However, the inner dynamics of a tropical rainforest is an intricate and fragile system. Everything is so interdependent that upsetting one part can lead to unknown damage or even destruction of the whole. SadlyRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1420 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstand where different species came about and how they are able to survive in their environments. When initially developed, his theory did erupt a few controversial debates because he suggested that humans and animals shared a common ancestor. It also created a problem in the Christian community because his theory went against the belief of a greater being. Joseph Schumpeter is well known in the area of economics. He ingeniously coined the term creative destruction which he used in his argumentRead MoreThe Hypothesis By Macarthur And Wilson1704 Words   |  7 Pagestaxon cycle and above all in the Theory of Island Biogeography is the extinction (natural) of species. The extinction created specifically by people colonizing secluded islands of the globe has been emotional. The measured the dissemination of useful differences, a real segment of natural differing qualities, in 45 pre†historic island fowl groups of the Pacific and archived its decrease by means of species eliminations. They gave proof that, notwithstanding territory, it is important to evaluate different

How Language Is Used in the Workplace free essay sample

How Language Is Used in the Workplace BY Francine Spoken Language Study -? Social Attitudes to Spoken Language Investigate speech that is particular to a workplace.ESSAY PLAN * spoken language used In working environment, my Job as a SQ, spoken word different in different settings egg, WHQL or construction site, professional language * use of Jargon, three letter acronyms, unique to an office egg, CSVs etc, technical language, used frequently, humorous re new employees, dont have a clue what Is being said * buzz words, mention text speaking, professional buzz words made fun f Bull Bingo, explain game and give egg, can download a bingo card, used In boring meetings * computer language, used by software users not IT professionals egg Trekker etc, passer-by wont understand conversation, mention experience with an accountant * compare office and normal language, body language, eye contact, lies, move when exaggerate a story, clench fists, courses on body language * general spoken langua ge is office is professional too, no slang, swearing and respectful (unless on a construction site), very non-PC (acronym) * certain types of people speak differently, cant chose who you work with, personality clashes, not children * yes men, power shared is knowledge lost, using buzz word here, poor communicators, Life long use of Jargon so cant talk normally to explain things, * no gossip or chatter like in a supermarket which is less relaxed, heads down butts up, can lead to tension, blow off steam in breaks or social events outside of work, get to know work mates personally, can create a better working environment, efficient and effective * summary -? formal, diplomatic, tactful and direct. Save their own skins yep of people, learn from your own mistakes, many people are outspoken and tactless, curbed in office, think before speaking, dont speak your mind, speak how you expect to be spoken to, open, formal, to the point Spoken Language Study Social Attitudes to Spoken Language Investigate speech I am going to talk about how spoken language Is used In a working environment and how it differs from spoken language use in every day life. I once worked as a Quantity Surveyor and have been in several office environments where language Is used that would never be heard outside of the building. Also workplace language can be very deferent depending upon Just the setting. For example, a Head Office building, a construction site and even meetings taking place at service stations on a motorway because attendees come from different parts of the country. More importantly is that this environment is professional and language can be formal, formal slang and key to that particular office or situation. We tend to use a lot of Jargon and I mean a lot! The favorite use of this, is three their own unique acronyms and you have to learn them or you will literally be left UT. For example, CSVs (cost, value and reconciliation), Final Accounts, PEE (Personal Protective Equipment) and numerous others.This is classed as technical language and not an hour will go by without someone using it and expecting the person they are talking to to fully understand what is being discussed. It is quite humorous to see the look on a new employees face when conversation begins. They are trying to understand and be engaging, but you can see the turmoil behind their eyes as they have not got a clue what is going on! I know, I have been there. Another form of technical speaking is classed as buzz words. Buzz words are used in every day life such as text speaking (egg, C U LTR and LOL), but professional buzz words and phrases take on a whole new meaning.We, as professional personnel, have adapted a way to make our buzz words fun. We have a game entitled Bulls**t Bingo! This game is played frequently, openly, with or without a bingo card and made fun of. If Mr. Joe Public were in the room whilst this game was in operation, he would think he had been beamed onto a different planet. Here are a few example of hat would be on a players game card think outside the box, singing from the same hymn sheets, reinventing the wheel and other such ludicrous statements. You can even download one of these game cards from the Internet they are so popular, especially in boring lengthy meetings. Other technical terms of speech used in the workplace is computer language.This is not the type of language that is used by IT Professionals, but more a type of language used by the users of the software. For example, we have used computer programmer such as Trekker and Researches. Staff will have full conversations talking about a particular programmer, what difficulties they are having, a particular section of that programmer etc. Passer-bys will Just hear nonsensical speech with the words and, but and because thrown in, because the passer-by will only be able to understand those words spoken. I have had particular experience of this when visiting another department within a building. I wished to ask one of the Accountants about a client I was currently dealing with.As I approached said Accountant, he was in deep conversation with one of his colleagues. I waited until they had finished and politely enquired what the difficulty was. My Accountants response was Oh you wouldnt understand, and he was right, I didnt understand a word of what they were saying! There are similarities between spoken language within a workplace and general spoken language. For example, we all use body language in conversation and a lot of the time we do this subconsciously. We avoid eye contact when nervous or telling a lie; we move more when exaggerating a story and we clench our fists or move our hands behind our back when angry or annoyed. In a workplace environment people are more acutely aware of body language and there are even courses you can attend to improve you body language and make it more appealing, especially when trying to be persuasive in an argument or conflict. Are respectful of others opinions and differences. Unless you are on a construction site that is! Language there is quite the opposite to an office environment, very non- PC (see another acronym). There are also certain types of people you will come across in a working environment who speak differently. Some of these people you would not give the time of day to, UT because you are working with them your use of language is paramount. You must be respectful, listen and cooperate, if you wish to achieve a successful spoken outcome. Personalities will clash, but in order to be effective, spoken (and written) communication must be efficient. Bullying, coercing and whining will not achieve desired results; we are not children, we are professionals. There will be Yes men; those who say they will do something and do not, or leave it for others. There will be power shared is knowledge lost men; those who will not share ideas and thoughts for fear of losing credit for it. You will note that Im using buzz words). There will also be poor communicators who have been life long users of jargon and get angry or frustrated when they are not understood by others because they lose the ability to use normal language to ensure they are coherent. In professional offices there is very little gossip and chatter. Heads are down and butts are up (Bingo! , whereas in a workplace which is more relaxed, say a Supermarket, chatter is more abundant and acceptable. This, at times, can lead to tension in the workplace, so often professionals will chatter at breaks and ensure hat they are away from the office. Also I have found that in this type of workplace environment, social events are arranged regularly so that workers can blow off steam and get to know each other personally. This in turn creates a better working environment and people understand each other more as they have a brief insight into that person egg, how they think, their interests etc. All in all creating a more effective and efficient form of spoken communication.In summary, speech that is used in a professional office environment will always be formal, diplomatic, tactful (most of the time) and direct. There will be many who have the view of saving their own skin and telling others to learn from their mistakes, but there are people like that in any given environment. There are people all over the world that are out-spoken, opinionated and tactlessly direct. In an office, this is curbed and you should always think before you speak; speaking your mind is not generally the ideal way to communicate. A note to remember is that in any workplace such as this, you should speak how you would write; formal, to the point and open for discussion. (1192 words)

Nazi Germany Totalitarian State free essay sample

Then into this devastated land, truncated by the Oder-Neisse borderline and hardly able to sustain its demoralized and exhausted population, streamed millions of people from the Eastern provinces, from the Balkans and from Eastern Europe, adding to the general picture of catastrophe the peculiarly modem touches of physical homelessness, social rootlessness, and political rightlessness. The wisdom of Allied policy in expelling all German-speaking minorities from non-German countries-as though there was not enough homelessness in the world alreadymay be doubted. But the fact is that European peoples who had experienced the murderous demographic politics of Germany during the war were seized with horror, even more than with wrath, at the very idea of having to live together with Germans in the same territory. The sight of Germanys destroyed cities and the knowledge of German concentration and extermination camps have covered Europe with a cloud of melancholy. Together, they have made the memory of the last war more poignant and more persistent, the fear of future wars more actual. We will write a custom essay sample on Nazi Germany Totalitarian State or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Not the German problem, insofar as it is a national one within the comity of European nations, but HANNAH ARENDT is author of a just completed IN LESS than six years Germany laid the nightmare of Germany in its physical, moral, and political ruin has become almost as decisive an element in the general atmosphere of European life as the Communist movements. But nowhere is this nightmare of destruction and horror less felt and less talked about than in Germany itself. A lack of response is evident everywhere, and it is difficult to say whether this signifies a half-conscious refusal to yield to grief or a genuine inability to feel. Amid the ruins, Germans mail each other picture postcards still showing the cathedrals and market places, the public buildings and bridges that no longer exist. And the indifference with which they walk through the rubble has its exact counterpart in the absence of mourning for the dead, or in the apathy with which they react, or rather fail to react, to the fate of the refugees in their midst. This general lack of emotion, at any rate this apparent heartlessness, sometimes covered over with cheap sentimentality, is only the most conspicuous outward symptom of a deep-rooted, stubborn, and at times vicious refusal to face and come to terms with what really happened. INDIvERENE, and the irritation that comes when indifference is challenged, can be tested on many intellectual levels. The most obvious experiment is to state expressis verbis what the other fellow has noticed from the beginning of the conversation, namely, that you are a Jew. This is usually followed by a little embarrassed pause; and then comesnot a personal question, such as Where did you go after you left Germany? ; no sign of sympathy, such as What happened to your family? -but a deluge of stories about how Germans have suffered (true enough, of course, but beside the point); and if the object of this little experiment happens to be educated and intelligent, he will proceed to draw up a balance between German suffering and the suffering of others, the implication being that one side cancels the other and ork on totalitarianism, The Origins of Totalitarianism, soon to be published by Harcourt, Brace. Her writings on history, philosophy, and political theory in   and other periodicals have won her a wide reputation. This report on Germany was written after a recent stay of several months in that country. Dr. Arendt was born in Germany, studied under Karl Jaspers in Heidelberg, and earned her doctorate at that university. She came to this country in 19 41. 342e may as well proceed to a more promising topic of conversation. Similarly evasive is the standard reaction to the ruins. When there is any overt reaction at all, it consists of a sigh followed by the half-rhetorical, halfwistful question, Why must mankind always wage wars? The average German looks for the causes of the last war not in the acts of the Nazi regime, but in the events that led to the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise. 343 BUT, whether faced or evaded, the realities f Nazi crimes, of war and defeat, still visibly dominate the whole fabric of German life, and the Germans have developed various devices for dodging their shocking impact. The reality of the death-factories is transformed into a mere potentiality: Germans did only what others are capable of doing (with many illustrative examples, of course) or what others will do in the near future; therefore, anybody who brings up this topic is ipso facto suspected of self-righteousness. In this context, Allied policy in Germany is frequently explained as a campaign of successful revenge, even though it later turns out that the German who offers this interpretation is quite aware that most of the things he complains of were either the immediate consequence of the lost war or happened outside the will and control of the Western powers. But the insistence that there must be a careful scheme of revenge serves as a consoling argument, demonstrating the equal sinfulness of all men. The reality of the destruction that surrounds every German is dissolved into a reflective but not very deep-rooted self-pity, easily dissipated when ugly little one-story structures that might have been imported from some Main Street in America spring up on some of the great avenues to conceal fragmentarily the grimness of the landscape, and to offer an abundance of provincial elegance in super-modern display windows. In France and Great Britain, people feel a greater sadness about the relatively few landmarks destroyed in the war than the Germans do for all their lost treasures together. The boastful hope is expressed in Germany that the country will become the most modern in Europe; yet it is mere talk, and some person who has just voiced that hope will insist a few minutes later, at another turn in the conversation, that the next war will do to all European cities what this one did to Germanys-which of course is possible, but signifies again only the transformation of reality into potentiality. The undertone of satisfaction that one often detects in the Germans talk about the next war expresses no sinister renewal of German lans of conquest, as sq many observers have maintained, but is only another device for escaping reality: in an eventual equality of destruction, the German situation would lose its acuteness. S course, an escape fromalone; all the peoresponsibility. In this the Germans are not ples of Western Europe have developed the habit of blaming their misfortunes on some force out of their reach: it may be America and the Atlantic Pact today, the legacy of Nazi occupation tomorrow, and history in general every day of the week. But this attitude is more pronounced in Germany, where the temptation to blame everything under the sun on the occupying powers is difficult to resist: in the British zone everything is blamed on British fear of German competition; in the French zone on French nationalism; and in the American zone, where things are better in every respect, on American ignorance of the European mentality. The complaints are only natural, and they all contain a kernel of truth; but behind them is a stubborn unwillingness to make use of the many possibilities left to German initiative. This is perhaps most clearly revealed in the German newspapers, which express all their convictions in a carefully cultivated style of Schadenfreude, malicious joy in ruination. It is as though the Germans, denied the power to rule the world, had fallen in love with impotence as such, and now find a positive pleasure in contemplating international tensions and the unavoidable mistakes that occur in the business of governing, regardless of the possible consequences for themselves. Fear of Russian aggression does not necessarily result in an unequivocal pro-American attitude, but often leads to a determined neutrality, as though it were as absurd to take sides in the conflict as it would be to take sides in an earthquake. The awareness that neutrality will not change ones fate makes it in turn impossible to translate this mood into a rational policy, and the mood itself, by its very irrationality, becomes even more bitter. CUCH an escape from reality is also, of 344 BUT COMMENTARY count of what actually happened, and to eliminate the teachers who have become incapable of doing so. The danger to German academic life is not only from those who hold that freedom of speech should be exchanged for a dictatorship in which a single unfounded, irresponsible opinion would acquire a monopoly over all others, but equally from those who ignore facts and reality and establish their private opinions, not necessarily as the only right ones, but as opinions that are as justified as others. The unreality and irrelevance of most of these opinions, as compared with the grim relevance of the experience of those who hold them, is sharply underlined by their having been formed before 1933. There is an almost instinctive urge to take refuge in the thoughts and ideas one held before anything compromising had happened. The result is that while Germany has changed beyond recognition-physically and psychologically-people talk and behave superficially as though absolutely nothing had happened since 1932. The authors of the few really important books written in Germany since 1933 or published since 1945 were already famous twenty and twenty-five years ago. The younger generation seems to be petrified, inarticulate, incapable of consistent thought. A young German art historian, guiding his audience among the masterpieces of the Berlin Museum, which had been sent on tour through several American cities, pointed to the Ancient Egyptian statue of Nefertiti as the sculpture for which the whole world envies us, and then proceeded to say (a) that even the Americans had not dared to carry this symbol of the Berlin collections to the United States, and (b) that because of the intervention of the Americans, the British did not dare to carry the Nefretete to the British Museum. The two contradictory attitudes to the Americans were separated by only a single sentence: the speaker, devoid of convictions, was merely groping automatically among the cliches with which his mind was furnished to find the one that might fit the occasion. The cliches have more often an old-fashioned nationalistic than an outspoken Nazi tone, but in any case one seeks in vain to discover behind them a consistent point of view, be it even a bad one. With the downfall of Nazism, the Germans found themselves again exposed to he B perhapshabit most striking andasfrightening aspect of the German flight from of treating facts though reality is the they were mere opinions. For example, the question of who started the last war, by no means a hotly debated issue, is answered by a surprising variety of opinions. An otherwise quite normally intelligent woman in Southern Germany told me that the Russians had begun the war with an attack on Danzig; this is only the crudest of many examples. Nor is this transformation of facts into opinions restricted to the war question; in all fields there is a kind of gentlemens agreement by which everyone has a right to his ignorance under the pretext that everyone has a right to his opinion-and behind this is the tacit assumption that opinions really do riot matter. This is a very serious thing, not only because it often makes discussion so hopeless (one does not ordinarily carry a reference library along everywhere), but primarily because the average German honestly believes this free-for-all, this nihilistic relativity about facts, to be the essence of democracy. In fact, of course, it is a legacy of the Nazi regime. The lies of totalitarian propaganda are distinguished from the normal lying of nontotalitarian regimes in times of emergency by their consistent denial of the importance of facts in general: all facts can be changed and all lies can be made true. The Nazi impress on the German mind consists primarily in a conditioning whereby reality has ceased to be the sum total of hard inescapable facts and has become a conglomeration of everchanging events and slogans in which a thing can be true today and false tomorrow. This conditioning may be precisely one of the reasons for the surprisingly few traces of any lasting Nazi indoctrination, as well as for an equally surprising lack of interest in the refuting of Nazi doctrines. What one is up against is not indoctrination but the incapacity or unwillingness to distinguish altogether between fact and opinion. A discussion about the events of the Spanish Civil War will be conducted on the same level as a discussion of the theoretical merits and shortcomings of democracy.